What Is Architectural Programming?

The short answer is that Architectural programming is everything you need to know before you draw. The longer answer is that programming is a process that an Architect leads a client through to identify and articulate what the projects objectives and constraints are now and in the future. This process will involve our asking questions then listening. At the end of the process we will establish the project design objectives a list of your needs, wants, and priorities in written and numerical form. The result will be a detailed work plan that will guide the Planning and Design process. Good, detailed programming is imperative to a successful project.

The final deliverables of Architectural Programming are a Project Narrative, Program Statement, Adjacencies Diagram, and a Preliminary Budget. The Project Narrative is an overview of the entire project explaining the project scope and goals. It also contains descriptions of each department and functional spaces such as lobbies, meeting rooms, and cafeterias. The Program Statement is an overall numerical summary of the project (spreadsheet) identifying all individual requirements at a departmental level. We suggest that this statement include the following minimum information: existing spaces, proposed new spaces, future expansion, and tabulation of all space requirements including circulation, wall, and mechanical space. The Adjacencies Diagram is a graphically depiction of the spacial relationship of all the program elements to one another. The Preliminary Budget is an opinion of probable cost based on simple square footage cost of similar projects. Using experience from similar past projects we will recommend space needs, in the case of a unique requirement we will specifically study special space needs and adjacencies.

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Recommended Steps in the process

What Is Architectural Programming?

Identify the basic elements and set up a structure for collecting information and making decisions. Review existing organizational charts and employee lists Identify all influencers and decision makers Clarify how decision will be made Who reviews and makes recommendation Who makes final decisions

Identify structural elements Identify wall construction including demountable partitions for possible relocation

Identify items for reuse, refurbishment and replacement

Project Narrative Program Statement Adjacencies Diagram Preliminary Budget

What Is Architectural Programming?

Burt Andrews is an Architect with over 20 years of experience in designing restaurants and retail stores. You can read more of his restaurant ideas at his restaurant design blog. He is a principal at Larson and Darby Group in charge of the St. Charles, IL office.

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How to Program a Siemens S7-300 Programmable Logic Controller

Do you have a Siemens S7-300 Programmable Logic Controller that you are not familiar with but you need to program it NOW! Following is a quick set of instructions I have put together to help you get started programming a Siemens S7-300 PLC.

After loading the programming software and connecting a Siemens MPI cable between your programming computer and the PLC, open SIMATIC Manager by clicking the icon on the desktop. The STEP 7 Wizard: "New Project" window will open. It is easier to use the Wizard to setup communications with your PLC, but I chose to take the scenic route. I figured I would learn more this way. So, close the STEP 7 Wizard window by clicking Cancel. If there are any other windows or projects open, close them. We want to start with a totally new program.

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Create a new project by clicking the new project button on the toolbar in the upper left corner of your screen.

How to Program a Siemens S7-300 Programmable Logic Controller

The New Project window opens. Here you will see any existing programs located on your computer. Near the bottom of the window, you will see the Name: input form. Type whatever you want to name your new project and click OK.

A new window will open showing the name of your project at the top. You will also see your project in the window on the left hand side of the screen at the top. Right click your project and choose "Insert New Object". Choose the device you will be programming. We will be using the SIMATIC 300 Station so choose that selection.

You will now see SIMATIC 300 appear in the right window of your screen. It should be highlighted blue. Click anywhere in the window to make the blue go away. Double click SIMATIC 300 and it will move to the left window and "Hardware" will appear in the right window.

Double click "Hardware" and two (maybe three) new windows will open. On the left will be SIMATIC 300 - (the name of your project). The window on the right will be the catalog of parts.

Look in the right window, the parts catalog, and click the plus sign beside SIMATIC 300.

Click the plus sign beside RACK - 300. Click and drag the Rail onto the left window. You will now see the Slots window appear. This is where we will place our PLC components.

We will first choose our CPU. Looking at the parts catalog, in the SIMATIC 300 tree, choose the CPU that you are using. We are using the CPU - 300 so click the plus sign beside that choice.

Now look at the front top left of your PLC. This is where you will find the PLC model. I will use CPU313C-2 DP as an example since this is the model PLC that I use.

Find this CPU in your parts catalog and click the plus sign. You will now see some part numbers.

Look back at your PLC. Locate the door covering the MPI port. This will be the bottom left side of the PLC. At the bottom of the door you will find the part number. The part number for the PLC I am using as an example is 313-6CF03-0AB0.

Find this part number in the parts catalog. You will notice this is another folder. Open it and you will see V2.0 and V2.6. Look back at the PLC, open the door covering the MPI port, and right above the MPI port you will see V2.6.3.

Go back to the parts catalog and click V2.6. Notice how a slot in the left hand window will highlight green. I believe it will be slot #2. (Slot #1 is reserved for power supplies.) This is where you will drag and drop your CPU. (Notice the software will not let you put the CPU in any other slot but slot #2.)

When you release the mouse button over slot #2, a new window will open, "Properties - PROFIBUS interface". Click new, a new window opens, click Ok, and then click OK again. We are not setting up a network at this time.

You will now see your CPU and associated hardware listed.

Double click in the Slot that list your DI16/DO16 (Digital Input/Digital Output).

A window with three tabs will open. The first tab will be General, the second tab will be Addresses and the third tab will be Inputs.

Open the tab "Addresses". We need to change the default addresses. Do this by unchecking the System Default button and changing 124 (or whatever address you have) to 0. Do this for both the Inputs and Outputs.

We now need to change the Node Address. Go back to the window where you double clicked DI16/DO16 and double click in Slot 2, the CPU 313-2DP slot.

The Properties - CPU 313C-2DP window will open.

Look down the window a little over half way and find the Interface area and click on Properties. Another window, "Properties - MPI interface CPU 313-2DP" will open.
Change the address to meet your specific criteria. I know that my laptop, which I am using to program my PLC, is always addressed as 1 and my target PLC is usually addressed as 2. You will probably be the same.

Now click MPI(1) and click OK. Click OK again to close the Properties window.

Save and Compile by clicking the icon located on the left of the toolbar.

Download the hardware configuration to the PLC by clicking the download icon located on the toolbar.

A window titled "Select Target Module" should open. Click OK.

Another window titled "Select Node Address" will open. You should see listed your node address for the PLC you are working with as you configured it in a previous step. If not, click view and click on whatever node address appears and click OK.

Switch back to SIMATIC manager (by clicking the tab on the taskbar).

Click on Options. Choose Set PG/PC Interface. Choose PC Adapter (Auto).

Click Properties. A new window will open, displaying either Automatic Bus Profile Detection or Local Connection. Click Local Connection and choose USB. Now choose Automatic Bus Profile Detection and change the address to 30. You can check your connection now by clicking Start Network Detection. If a new window opens displaying Network Type = MPI, Transmission Rate = 187.5kbps, you have established communications with your S7-300. Click Close. Click OK. Click OK.

It is now time to start programming. Looking at the SIMATIC Manager window, click the plus sign located beside SIMATIC 300(1), click the plus sign beside CPU 313C-2DP, click the plus sign beside S7 Program(1). Now click on Blocks and you will see System data and OB1 appear in the right window on your screen.

Double click on OB1 and a new window will open named Properties - Organization Block

Here you can choose how you want to program, in LAD (ladder), STL (statement list), or FBD (function block diagram). Choose which you want to use and click OK.

Double click OB1 again and the LAD/STL/FBD programming window will open.

You can now start programming.

I have these same instructions with pictures on my website at http://www.saturdayafternoonhobbies.com

How to Program a Siemens S7-300 Programmable Logic Controller

My name is Robert K. Moore and I am an instructor at Piedmont Technical College. I teach electronics and Mechatronics Technology classes. My hobbies include working with a 1962 Chevy II convertible, hunting fossils, particularly sharks teeth and working with electronics. Visit my site for more articles about these topics. http://www.saturdayafternoonhobbies.com

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The Different Types of TV and How They Work

If you have ever wondered how a TV show you are watching gets from who-knows-where to your TV? Well there are a lot of steps involved in getting the signal from point A to point B. There are also many components and gadgets used to get it there.

When a show is filmed the broadcasting service gets that video, and then uploads in to the TV satellite dish. A broadcasting station is a building that broadcasts the recorded programs to a TV satellite dish or analog cable. This building is also used to broadcast live shows, such as news or sports games. Now you, as a subscriber to this service, get access to those uploaded videos. Depends on which service you have, digital or analog, there are different ways to obtain it.

Programming

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In analog, the video quality is worse than digital and is also worse than your average computer screen resolution. If you take into account that television has been around long before computers, it is weird that the resolution is still as low as it is. The analog signal is transferred through antennas and receivers. This service is not available in many parts of the world, and that is where digital comes in.

The Different Types of TV and How They Work

Digital is the best quality television, and is ten time better than the best analog TV. For this you need a computer style monitor, or a HDTV. The signal is better than analog because of the pixels. The pixels in a digital screen hold a much greater amount than analog TV.

A TV satellite dish is placed atop your house and then gathers signals from a satellite that is in space. The signal is then transferred to a receiver located on your television. A receiver is a box that collects, decodes, and translates codes of the television broadcasts in order for your TV to read it. HD channels are only available to a TV that can read HD codes, i.e. a HDTV.

The Different Types of TV and How They Work

Find all the Satellite Dish TV resources [http://satellitetv.atmyhouse.net/], advice and tips you need at [http://satellitetv.atmyhouse.net/].

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How To Program An Avaya Partner Phone

It is very easy to program an Avaya Partner phone, but only if you know how. First lets get to the basics. In order to program the phone you have to be at extension 10 or 11. That is where all of the programming must be done. A programming overlay is also placed over the phone to guide you through the programming functions.

A display phone is also needed for programming. Also take note that if you have a 34 button phone in your Avaya Partner phone system then you must use a 34 button phone for programming as an 18 button phone cannot be used to program a 34 button phone.

Programming

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There are two types of programming in the Avaya Partner phone system: there is System Programming and Centralized Telephone Programming.

How To Program An Avaya Partner Phone

When using System Programming all of the phones in the system will be programmed for the feature that is being programmed. When using Centralized Telephone Programming an individual phone itself will only be programmed for that particular feature.

To access System Programming press the Feature button then the "0" button twice on your keypad, then hit your left intercom button twice. To access Centralized Telephone Programming press Feature 0 0, left intercom twice, then right intercom once. To exit programming press Feature 0 0.

Programming the date on the Avaya Partner Phone:

From extension 10 or 11 press Feature 0 0, press left intercom twice (this accesses programming, see above) then press #101. Enter the date in this format MMDDYY. Include zeros for months and days. When you are done press # to type type in another code or press Feature 0 0 to exit programming.

Programming the time on the Avaya Partner Phone:

From extension 10 or 11 press Feature 0 0, press left intercom twice (this accesses programming) then press #103. Enter the time in 24 hour notation using this format HHMM. For example, to make the time 2:15 pm, press 1415. When you are done press # to type type in another code or press Feature 0 0 to exit programming.

And that's basically it when it comes to programming the Avaya Partner phone system. Simply access the programming mode, then type in the 3 digit code(s) for the feature you want to program, then exit programming.

Hey, why pay money for a service call to have someone program your phones when you can easily do it yourself?

How To Program An Avaya Partner Phone

Al Martinovic has 10 years experience in the telecom industry and runs a website that sells business phones and systems at http://www.grandslamtel.com

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IF-THEN Statements With Microsoft Excel

One of the basic statements for financial modeling is the IF-THEN function in Excel. While this may not be considered as robust as other approaches when doing actual computer programming (C++, Java, VB), in Excel it is rather straightforward and ubiquitous.

There are a couple of things to remember when using the IF-THEN approach:

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* For basic results like "if this cell equals dog put a bone in the cell next to it" or "if the cell on my right equals rain display an umbrella sign in the cell below" or something like that. IF-THEN works well for binary situations, and is a method that the basic financial modeler can use and understand readily easily. The beauty of the function at its most basic level is the simplicity.

IF-THEN Statements With Microsoft Excel

* IF-THEN can also be used for non-binary situations, meaning that one can "nest" several sub IF-THEN statements within the cell. For example, let's assume that you had four triggering events: apple, orange, grape and banana. Depending upon the word that was in a cell, there would be one of four results. This would look like:

=IF(A1="Apple","Watch for worm",IF(A1="Orange","Citrus",IF(A1="Grape","Soon to be a raisin",IF(A1="Banana","Don't slip on the peel","Do nothing")))).

You will notice that the last bit of this text includes "do nothing", which captures any text that is not one of the specified amounts you are seeking. If there were only four options (that somehow the input cell was blocked to prevent anything other than those four choices), the code would look like this:

=IF(A1="Apple","Watch for worm",IF(A1="Orange","Citrus",IF(A1="Grape","Soon to be a raisin","Don't slip on the peel"))).

By definition, only four choices will yield three IFs - think about the fourth IF as silent to help you see why this is the case.

* The financial modeler can also link IF-THEN statements to apply a mathematical operator to two or more statements in the cell. Thus, you could create a formula like =IF(A1="Pie",1,0)+IF(B1="Soup",2,0)+IF(C1="Water",3,0). You can do this with any operator and is useful if there are discrete components to the model you are developing. As you ultimately get further into advanced modeling, this can be used for triggers, or cells that create an influx of additional information when turned to a true state. Further discussion on that will occur as we move to intermediate level issues, but just remember that there is flexibility in the IF-THEN statement from this particular perspective.

* One shortcoming of the IF-THEN statement usage is that you can only have up to seven nested statements EVER in any function in Excel. For examples, the following is a maxed out version of the IF-THEN statement:

=IF(C5=1,1,IF(C5=2,2,IF(C5=3,3,IF(C5=4,4,IF(C5=5,5,IF(C5=6,6,IF(C5=7,7,IF(C5=8,8,"No")))))))) - if you try to add another nested IF statement, you will get an error message. Part of the rationale behind that is because evaluating the IF-THEN in the standard Excel environment (as well as computer language in general) takes some time to evaluate. Granted, it is not a lot of time when thinking about a machine calculating something faster than us, but each of the evaluation steps requires computing speed and memory. If you can imagine a nested 20-step IF-THEN statement in your mind and pretend that you must evaluate that statement in order until the last part of it, you will begin to see why there needs to be extra time for the computer to do analyze it. Thus, seven is the cutoff point, but in reality, you should never need that many nested IF-THEN statements anyway.

In summary, the IF-THEN statement can be a very useful, simple approach to binary and certain non-binary situations. It is not perfect for larger database inquiries or very large spreadsheets wherein the answer to the IF-THEN drives the model, but it can suffice for everyday simple financial modeling applications, and it easy to implement and interpret.

IF-THEN Statements With Microsoft Excel

Russ Steward has more than fifteen years of experience in investment banking and private equity, and has developed hundreds of financial models and analyses in Excel. For more information, please visit http://www.makefinancialmodels.blogspot.com

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How to Read a Racing Program So That You Win Consistently

Thoroughbred Horse Racing over the last 40-50 years has developed a "hard core" group of fans. Perhaps that includes you. As a longtime fan of "the ponies," you probably believe that you know all that is necessary about "reading form" in a program and picking winners. And there is no doubt that you are quite knowledgeable. However, is it possible that you can learn even more? The answer is yes.

If you just look for "the Speed" in a Horse's Past Performance Lines, you are overlooking lots of Valuable Information.

Programming

That is the truth. How do I know? I also enjoy wagering on thoroughbred racehorses. In addition, over the years, I have read many books about "reading form," done lots of studying at various race tracks, as well... talked to lots of "skilled" players... and discovered that most people know how to "read some of the form." Speed matters... but several other factors are almost as important.

How to Read a Racing Program So That You Win Consistently

Success at the Race Track is Dependent on your Ability to understand and Use all of the Factors in a Race Program.

The first and most important factor you need to use to judge a thoroughbred race horse's ability to win is its Speed Rating... but you already know that. However, in order to excel at reading the program and then cashing winning tickets, you have to be able to take advantage of the other information available to you in the program. You should take into consideration- the horse's age... its sex... the track, track condition and any existing variances in the track - on that day... time off between races...owner, trainer and, of course, jockey.

Use all of Those Factors in an Intelligent Manner... and you are going to win.

Now, you may already know how to read - and use - some of the race factors I have mentioned. If so, that is good... and helpful to you. However, to be a consistent winner, even a "big money winner," you need to know how to use all of the factors mentioned here... because, when "lumped together: and understood, they arm you with the kind of knowledge that can make you as good as a professional handicapper.

Yes... Based on your Experience and Years as a Fan, you can - and should - Win Lots and Lots of Races.

There is absolutely no reason why, after doing something you love for years and years, you should not be really good at doing it. In addition, if you follow the advice offered here, you will improve as a thoroughbred horse racing handicapper and you will win... more often than you do now. Try it - by using all of the information available - and see for yourself.

How to Read a Racing Program So That You Win Consistently

Are you a horse handicapping enthusiast or just a lover of the sport? Either way, you should definitely make a visit to HorseHandicappingEnthusiast.com. It is nothing fancy, but is place where all things horse racing related are talked about!

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Mathematics in Computer Programming

Mathematics is applicable in various traditional fields of engineering: mechanical and electrical engineering are among them. Mathematics is used in computer engineering too.

Mathematical logic is used in the decision making, so it is used in computer programming. As Venn diagrams are helpful in understanding the concepts of logic, they are also helpful in the programming. For instance, De Morgan's laws are used in writing statements involving decisions and Venn diagrams are helpful in understanding these laws.

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Calculations are also important in the science of computers. The text you read on the computer screen is presented in a particular format. Calculations are certainly needed for these.

Mathematics in Computer Programming

Geometry is used in the development of graphics. Actually a graphics screen resembles the co-ordinate plane. Just as we have points in the co-ordinate plane, we have pixels on the graphics screen. Though there are endlessly many points in any bounded part of the plane, while the number of pixels on the graphics screen is limited, yet the techniques of coordinate geometry can be used in drawing various figures on the graphics screen.

Various transformations play a part in the development of software. Two such transformations are famous as 'pop and push transformations'. As the graphs are useful in understanding different kinds of transformations, these help understand, in particular the Pop and Push transformations too.

The classical computer programming language namely 'the C language' makes a lot of use of mathematics. Different graphics commands of this language are based on the mathematical logic. The commands for making the background make use of hexadecimal numbers.

Mathematics in Computer Programming

To know about the role of mathematics in computer programming in detail and to see illustrations of Venn diagrams and graphs, you can visit Mathematics in Computer Programming

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